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from: Smruti Ranjan Sarangi
Excavators are heavy equipment used in civil engineering and
surface mining. An excavator, also called a 360-degree excavator
or digger, sometimes abbreviated simply to a 360, is an
engineering vehicle consisting of a backhoe and cab mounted on a
pivot (turntable is a more apt description) atop an
undercarriage with tracks or wheels. The term excavator is
sometimes used as a general term for any piece of digging
equipment.
Roles of Excavators
Excavators are used in many roles:
1- Digging of trenches, holes, foundations 2- Demolition 3-
General grading/landscaping 4- Heavy lift, e.g. lifting and
placing of pipes 5- River dredging 6- Mining, especially, but
not only open-pit mining 7- Brush cutting with hydraulic
attachments
Varieties of Excavators
Excavators come in a wide variety of sizes. The smaller ones are
called a mini-excavator or compact excavator. One manufacturer's
largest model weighs 84,980 kg (187,360 lb) and has a maximum
bucket size of 4.5 m³ (5.9 yd³). The same manufacturer's
smallest mini-excavator weighs 1470 kg (3240 lb), has a maximum
bucket size of 0.036 m³ (0.048 yd³) and the width of its tracks
can be adjusted to 89 cm (35 inches). Another company makes a
mini excavator that will fit through a doorway with tracks that
can be adjusted to only 70 cm (28 inches) wide.
Often the bucket can be replaced with other tools like a
breaker, a grapple or an auger. Excavators are usually employed
together with loaders and bulldozers. Most smaller excavators
have a small backfill (or dozer-) blade. It's a horizontal
bulldozer like blade attached to the undercarriage and is used
for pushing removed material back into a hole.
Examples of Excavators
1- Compact excavator A compact hydraulic excavator is a tracked
or wheeled vehicle with an approximate operating weight of 6
metric tons (13,228 lbs). It generally includes a standard
backfill blade and features independent boom swing. The compact
hydraulic excavator is also referred to as a mini excavator.
The compact hydraulic excavator is somewhat unique from other
construction equipment in that all movement and functions of the
machine are accomplished through the transfer of hydraulic
fluid. The compact excavator's work group and blade are
activated by hydraulic fluid acting upon hydraulic cylinders.
The excavator's slew (rotation) and travel functions are also
activated by hydraulic fluid powering hydraulic motors.
2- Dragline excavator
Dragline excavation systems are heavy equipment used in civil
engineering and surface mining. In civil engineering the smaller
types are used for road and port construction. The larger types
are used in strip-mining operations to extract coal and these
are amongst the largest mobile equipment (not water-borne), and
weigh in the vinicity of 2000 metric tonnes, though specimens
weighing up to 13,000 metric tonnes have also been constructed.
A dragline bucket system consists of a large bucket which is
suspended from a boom (a large truss like structure). The bucket
is maneuvered by means of a number of ropes and chains. The
hoistrope, powered by large diesel or electric motors, supports
the bucket and hoist-coupler assembly from the boom. The
dragrope is used to draw the bucket assembly horizontally. By
skillful maneuver of the hoist and the dragropes the bucket is
controlled for various operations.
3- Bucket-wheel excavator Bucket-wheel excavators are heavy
equipment used in surface mining and civil engineering. The
excavation component itself is a large rotating wheel mounted on
an arm or boom. On the outer edge of the wheel is a series of
scoops or buckets. As the wheel turns, the buckets remove soil
or rock from the target area and carry it around to the backside
of the wheel, where it falls onto a conveyor, which carries it
up the arm toward the main body of the excavator. Additional
conveyors then may carry it further; in some cases, several long
conveyors are placed end-to-end, each supported by a large
vehicular base.
Especially large bucket-wheel excavators, over 200 meters long
and up to 100 meters in height, are used in German strip-mining
operations, and are the largest earth-movers in the world. These
tremendous machines can cost over $100 million, take 5 years to
assemble, require 5 people to operate, weigh more than 13,000
tons, and have a theoretical capacity of more than 12,000m³/h.
Specifically, the RB293 bucket wheel excavator manufactured by
MAN Takraf is recognized by Guinness World Records as the
largest land vehicle.
About the author:
Smruti Ranjan Sarangi has authored many articles on a
diversified topics like Technical, Management, and Humanity. For
target="_top"> Excavator </a>, Dumpers, Dozers, Cranes,
Wheel
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